CA1138779A - Method and a device for deriving energy from a flow of fluid - Google Patents

Method and a device for deriving energy from a flow of fluid

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Publication number
CA1138779A
CA1138779A CA000359739A CA359739A CA1138779A CA 1138779 A CA1138779 A CA 1138779A CA 000359739 A CA000359739 A CA 000359739A CA 359739 A CA359739 A CA 359739A CA 1138779 A CA1138779 A CA 1138779A
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
hub
wings
blades
fluid
flow
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
CA000359739A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Theodoor Van Holten
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland ECN
Original Assignee
Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland ECN
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland ECN filed Critical Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland ECN
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA1138779A publication Critical patent/CA1138779A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03DWIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06Rotors
    • F03D1/0608Rotors characterised by their aerodynamic shape
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00Components
    • F05B2240/20Rotors
    • F05B2240/33Shrouds which are part of or which are rotating with the rotor
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20Hydro energy
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Abstract

A B S T R A C T .
Improved process and device for extracting energy present in a flowing fluid medium wherein a supported hub with propellers or blades is placed in said medium and the blades are provided with a wing or vane at the tip.
The wing is of such a form that it generates a "venturi effect" in the flowing medium by which a part of the fluid which should normally pass outside the propeller disc area, is drawn into the propeller. The improvement consists of mixing of fluid which normally should pass outside the venturi with fluid which has flowed through the blades by provisions on blades and/
or wing or vanes.

Description

A method and a device for deriving energy from a flow of fluid.
The invention relates to a methcd for deriving energy from a flow of fluid, by positioning a hub therein, which is rotatable around a shaft and upon which mainly radially extending propeller blades or wings are attached in a twisted way, such that substantially along the entire length of the blade or wing by the relative flow direction occurring during action a driving force is exerted and the tips of the wings are equipped with a vane as well, which gener-ates a llfting for oe being substantially directed radially in the direction of the hub and which causes an annular whirl in the flow of fluid during rotatio.n.The invention also relates to a device for deriving energy frcm a flow of fluid, such as a wind mill, which might be driven by a flow of air, for ob-taining and transforming energy from said flow of fluid, said devi oe oomprisinga hub which is rotatable around a shaft and upon which mainly radially extendingprcpeller bLades or wings are attached in a twisted way, such that substantiallyalang the entire length of the blade or wing by the relative flow direction occurring during action a driving for oe is exerted, while the wings at the tipsare equipped with a vane, which generates a lifting force being substantially directed radially m the direction of the hub and which causes an annular whirl during rotatio.n.
It is know.n that air which normally should pass by flowing along an air propeller will by the annul æ whirl flow now be drawn into same, such that kinetic energy from a larger cross sectional æea will be utilized.
Now it has been found as a result of experiments, that without any (substantial) increase of the diameter of wings kinetic energy present in air which for~erly passed about the annular whirl formed by the vane at the wings tips, sort of outer flow, can ncw be utilized too.
For this purpose a natural mixing effect of outer flcw and suction, ., .
, ~P

, ,, ,' 113~779 the existen oe of which had not been surmised formerly, will ~e increased by pro-visions at vane and wings, increasing the natural mixLng of outer flow and suc-tion.
It appeared in fact, that but the already kncwn suction effect result-ing frcm the annular whirl, an increase in efficiency is generated by mixing outer flcw and the suction occurring in a natural manner already. Mixing of outer flow and suction results in a larger a~unt of air being entrained across the blades during shorter periods of time, in consequen oe of said mixing of outer flow and suction only. After having got the insight that the efficiency of an air turbine with auxiliary vane will be augmented too as a consequen oe of this hitherto unkncwn ejector phencmenon, it proved to be possible to obtain an unexpectedly big aaditional augmentation of yield efficiency. m e effect of mix-ing suction and outer flow could be increased for example by providing an annular vane surrounding the wings tips with local differen oe s in profile and/or differen oe s of the angle of adjustment. By such differen oe s of profile and/or differen oe s of the angle of adjustment a fluctuating radial mixing will be ob-tained.
It might be expected that the differen oe s of angles of adjustment and the differen oe s of profiles would exert very undesirable for oe s upon the hub, re-sulting from the locally deviating lifting pcwers. However it appeared that inpracti oe said for oe s could be met by means of an expedient bearing.
The application of a rotating annular vane attached at the tips of the blades of a wind mill as a means to obtain an annular whirl flcw has been pro-posed in the prior art. However it is possible to obtain the annular whirl flow in another manner.
; The mixing effect can also be increased by providing one or several of a number of w m gs having an annular vane at the tips with one or several sepa-.

~` 1138779 rate auxiliary vanes situated more inwardly, the span of which generating a sub-synchronous state of flow during rotation.
Still another method is the positioning of the devi oe mentioned above at an angle ranging from 15 to 45 with regard to the horizontal line, while the blades are provided with a rotatory annular wing attached at the tips. The optimal value in this respect am~unts to about 30.
The imprcvements in yiel1 efficiency mentioned above obtained by the increase of a natural mixing phenomenon of outer flow and suction have been dete~mined mDre particularly in experiments with an air turbine, the wings of which had been provided with auxiliary vanes and which has been disclosed in U.S. Patent Specification 4093402 (van Holten).
The devi oe described in U.S. Patent Specification 4093402 co~prises a hub which is rotatable around a shaft and upon which msinly radially extending blades are attached in a twisted way such that substantially along the entire length of th,e blade or wing by the relative flow direction occurring during action a driving foroe is exerted, whereas each of the propeller blades or wings is provided with one or several a~xiliary vanes, one of which is located at the wings tip, and the auxiliary vanes, as seen in a sectional plane defined by the relative flow direction and the oe nterline of the propeller blade or wing, are directed such that the forward elongatiQn of the chord of the vanes profile situated in said plane will intersect a line positioned in said plane and runn-ing parallel to said relative flow direction and through the rotational axis of the hub.
As already mentioned the auxiliary vanes and the e æ lier described annular vane cause a spinning annular whirl at the wings tips during rotation, which by some kind of "Venturi"-effect will suck air into it, which would nor-mally pass along the disc of rotation of the propeller blade. The amount of air 8~79 per unit of frontal area flcwing into the propeller as a result of this "Venturi"-effect is augmented. The "Venturi"-effect can be made visible by carrying out c~nparative mDdel runs with use of fume, conparing air propellers with and with-out auxiliary vanes at the tips of the wings.
Relating to the increase of efficiency as earlier mentioned it has been described in U.S. Patent No. 4093402 that the am~unt of air which delivers energy into the referred direction can be increased at least twi oe . From further experiments it appeared however that the improve~ent of yield efficiency result-ing from the "Venturi"-effect has a higher value and will be in principle five-fold.
Furthermore it appeared from prcoeeding experiments that an additionalmultiplication factor for the energy is obtained which as a result of the "Venturi"-effect multiplies said factor 5 with about 1,3 such that a value of 6-7 appears. m e value of this new factor 1,3 has been confirmed by quantita-tive measurements. According to these quantitative measurements the energy yield multiplication factor is caused by a mixing phenom~non.
This muxing phenomenon might be illustrated as follcws:
In the fluid around an air propeller or another device, with the tips of the wings provided with auxiliary vanes, a "Venturi" type c~nduit duct origi-nates. m is "Venturi" con~l;t, which originates around the air propeller at asufficient number of revolutions of same, can be made visible by means of e.g.
fumes. The "neck" of this "Venturi" conduit is formed by a stationary spir~lLng annular whirl which originates in the area of the rotor at the location of the auxiliary vanes. The air not flowing across said air propeller now appe æ s to flow around said "Venturi" conduit and to mix with air having passed across said air prapeller and having been dragged consequently. The air flcwn across the air p mpeller is denoted as suction and the air flowing around the "Venturi" con-duit is denoted as outer flow. Sin oe the dragged suction is beLng mLxed withthe undragged outer flcw an entraining or pumping effect is generated whereby the air prcpeller will obtain an unexpecbedly high yield efficiency per unit of frantal area. m is increased efficiency cannot be explained from the reflection about the effect of an air propeller provided with blades having auxiliary vanes at the tips, which has led to the construction of the device disclosed in the above mentioned U.S. Patent No. 4093402.
Utilizing this novel insight it is possible in a surprising way to considerably augment the yield efficien~y of a devioe driven by a fluid such as e.g. air, by increasing the mixing of suction and outer flow already present in the "natural" way.
According to the novel insight the already present "natural" mix or ejector flow which renders a multiplication factor of 1,3 will be augmented up to a factor of 2-3 by provisions at the auxiliary vanes or at the wings which in-crease mixing action.

-4a-Preferably -the mixing or ejector effect so desired will be obtained by generating a fluc-tuating radial velocity of the air flo~ring across the propeller. ~his fluctuating radial velocit~ can be ob-tained in tne optimal way if one or several of -the individual auxiliary vanes at the tips of the wings will have a stronger lifting force than any auxiliary vane a-t other w~ngs. A stronger li~ting force can be caused by means of a different adjustment angle or by different shaping of the profile of the auxiliary vane.
It is observed -that a difference in lifting force gives rise to the disadvantage of an unequal axial load. Howeve~ it a~pears that this axial load can be met b~ an expedient bearing The mixing ef~ect might also be obtained, if desired in combi-nation with the earlier mentioned effect, by providing one or several urings having individual auxiliary vanes at the tips with several auxiliary vanes which are to be located more inwardly and which have a span causing a subsynchronous state of flow. A subsynchronous state of flow mea~s -that the auxili-aFy vanes which are located more inwardly shall not in any way cause a sta-tionary annular whirl flow. Only the auxiliary vanes at the tips of the wings are allowed to generate a s-tationary annular whirl flow. ~herefore the span of the inwardly located auxilia~y vanes shall be shorter than that at the tips of the wings.
A very simple way to obtain the mixing effect is the positionin .of the axis of rotation at an angle with referen~e to the hori-zontal line, Preferably the angle to the horizontal will range from 15 to 45. The optimal value is about 30.
It is observed that at least based upon present knowle~ge a wind turbine rotor having wings with auxiliary vanes will be a more favourable embodiment than a wind turbine rotor with an annular wing surroundin~ the blades either completely or for the mos-t part. A preferred embodiment provided with tilted auxiliar~ vanes has two advantages. Primarily the amount of materials for the rota-tory part is considerably smaller.
Generally two wing blades only and not a rnultitude o~ same will be used, and moreover the amoun-t of ma-terial for two tilted auxiliary vanes i5 smaller than that for an annular wing Ano-ther ad,vantage is that the annular whirl flow generated by the tilted auxiliary vanes is more intense. ~he whirl flow is more intense because the volume capaci-ty of the arLnular win~
.... . . ... . ..

-6- 1~38779 is in a sort of way for the largest par-t taken by the fluid which is able -to ~llhirl while this very volume in an annular wing, as opposed to wings with auxiliary vanes at the tips, is taken by the volume of that annular wing itself.
~oth -these advantages viz. use of less materials and a more intense annular whirl will also be obtained if an auxiliary vane ~sJhich is positioned substantially perpendicularly to the direction of rotation or either an auxiliary vane positioned downstream in sort of deflected shape will be used.
In all these cases auxiliary vanes are used which a~e directed somewhat towards the center of rotation, the ~or-emo~ o,r, lea-ding edge of the vane being dire~ted in a tilted way in the general direc-tion of the rotation.
The inven-tion is illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings which however do not intend to be restrictive in any way.
~igure 1 shows a schematic view of a wind turbine rotor pro-vided with an annular wing having different profiles a-t diffe-rent cross-sectional areas.
~'igure 2 sho~,~Js a schematic view of a wind turbine provided Wi th auxiliary vanes at both the tips of the wing blades, one of said auxiliary vanes exerting a different lift force on the hub .
Figures ~ and 4 are larger plan views of both the tips of the wing blades with accessory au~iliary vanes to match as sho~m in fi~ure 2.
~igures 5, 6 and 7 altoKether including -the velocity diagram belon~ing to fi~ure 7 represent a further elucidation of part of the flow phenomena ~s~hich are of importance with wind turbi-nes having wings provided with auxiliary vanes.
In figure 1 a hub 1 is represented with blades 2 attached in a tvris-ted way; generall~ there are more than 2 blades. The blades 2 are surrou~ded by an annular wing 3, said annular wing showing a more bulging profile in the direction towards -the hub ~. As a result of said more bulging profile the wing exerts a lift ~orce directed towards the hub 1. 'rhe annular wing 3 causes an annular v~hirl flow 4 in consequence of the lift force direc-ted towards the hub 1, such that air is sucked according to a kind of "Venturi" conduit 5 indicated by arrows.
At the point 3 -the cross section of the a-nnular wing is dif'fe-rent such that the lift force with oncoming flow is ~maller at this point. The different lift force leads to a fluctuating radial mixing o~ air which flows around the "Venturi" pattern ., . . . .. . ... ... , . ~ . _ _ _ _ .. . . . . _ .. ....... ..

indicated by 5, and suction occurs. ~his mixing is indicated schematicall~ by arrows 6. I-t is observed that -the ob-tuse leading edge 7 of the annular wing 3 is at the fron-t side or suction side o~ the wind turbine.
The annular whirl flow is in this case substan-tially caused by air flo~ing into the wings in axial direction.
In the case of the installation as shown in figure 2 with auxi-liary vanes at the tips of the wings however the circulating an~ular whirl is caused by air which flows substantially tangen-tially along these vanes which have profiles similar to airplane wings. The differe~ce in relative velocity of inflow at the auxiliary vane and at the annular wing is further illustrated in ~igures 5, 6 and 7 and in the veloci-ty diagram belonging to figure 7.
In figure 2 a hub 1 is represented, upon which two blades 2 and
2' are attached in a twisted way such that, in case air i oncoming from the left side, the hub 1 will start to rotate in the direction indicated by arrow P. The hub 1 is positioned upon a support 8. At the tips of the wings 2 and 2' two auxiliary vanes 3 and 3' respectively having profiles 5imilar to airplane wings are attached, said profiles being more bulging in the diréc-tion towards hub 1. In the case of figure 1 the profile of vane
3' is more bulging than the profile of vane 3. The leading edges 7 and 7' o-f the auxiliary vanes 3 and 3' respectively are posi-tioned in the direction of the rotation P.
The configurations of the auxiliary vanes 3 and 3' originate a spinning an~ular ~vhirl as indicated at 4. Said annular whixl 4 has the result that air flowing in from the left side is sucked in a "Venturi" conduit pattern indicated with 5. Since the profile of the auxiliary vane 3' is more bulging than that of 3 a mixing of outer flow and of suction is origina-ted, as indicated wi-th arrows 6. In this case the suction consists of air flo~m from -the left to the right through the "Venturi" conduit pattern 5.
In the figures 3 and 4 the tips of the wings 2 and 2' with acces-sory auxiliary vanes 3 and 3l are represented on a larger scale.
~he flow in figure 2 is further illustrated in -~igures 5, 6 and 7 and the velocity diagram belonging to figure 7.
Relating to the discussion of the figures 5,6 and 7 now to follo-Y
it is observed that the action o~ the auxiliarJ vane is still impxoved i~, according to the preferred embodiment, the auxiliary 113877~

_, vane is til-ted around the chord situated in the cross-sectio-nal plane defined by the relative flow direction and the cen-terline of -the propeller blade~ such -that the downstream end of the auxiliary vane is at a larger distance from the a-~is of rotation o~ the device than the upstream end. ~ereby the induced resistance o~ the auxiliary vane will be restricted in particular and the auxiliary vane can absorb ener~y from the air v~hich flows along, because the vane renders a~ axial component of force.
Figure 5 shows a schematic side view of the uppermost wing 2 with an auxiliary vane; herein one wing only is shown.
~igure 6 shows a back view according to -the line vI-vI o ~igure 5, ~igure 7 shows an upper view of the system of hub, wing and auxiliary vane of ~igure 5, toge^ther wi-th a velocity diagram, A hub 1 is represented upon which two wings 2 and 2t are to be positioned of which only one wing 2 is shown in the drawing.
Incase a stream of air with a velocity L is flowing into the device from the left side as represented in figure 5 the ~ub will start to rotate in the direction of the arrow P~ If the device is rotating the tip of the wing 2 has a velocity which is represented as S in figure 6.
In the figures 5-7 an auxiliary vane 3 is attached upon the tip of the wing 2, said auxiliary vane being rectangular in this case. It is observed that other shapes such as for exam-ple tapered shapes o-f auxiliary vans are ~pplicable as well.
As a result of the rotation of the wing the auxiliary vane 3 has a circumferential velocity too which is about equal to S.
In the diagram of figure 7 the relative air velocity resulting from said rotation has been indicated by SR so -that with refe-rence to the auxiliary vane 3 a relative air velocity LR is generated. Because SR is several times lar~er -than ~ the direc-tion of LR will only be sub~ect -to sligh-t variations also in case of a change of proportion. The aux.iliaxy vane 3 the lea-ding edge of which is about perpendicular to the direction of LR will always receive substantially a flow in the same manner.
~rom figure 6 it appears in particular that the auxiliaxy vane ~ has an angle of attack with refexenoe to the relative air velocity such that a force will be exerted on the auxiliary vane, the main component of which is directed in the-line of the axis of the hub 1. Truly figure 6 shows a back view of _9113l~779 ,~ . . .
figure 1~ however this back view shows a very slight angle only towards a plan view in the Iongitudinal direc-tion of the vane, which means perpendicular to a plane V indicated in figure 7, said plane being parallel to the relative air velo-ci-ty and ru-Qning through the center line of wing 2. ~he com-ponent indicated as ~'R in figure 6 of the relative air velocity thus forms only a very slight angle with the real relative air velocity.
~: As appears from figures 5 and 6 the auxiliary vane 3 is in its longi-tudinal direction not perperldicular to plane V but it is tilted wi-th reference to a chord running in this plane such ; that -the downstream tip 3a is to be situated at a larger dis-tance from the centerline of the hub 1 than the upstream tip 3b This gives rise to the advantages mentioned already in the above~

j , ...
Encl.: 6 figures. (Claims)

Claims (2)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Apparatus for deriving energy from a flow of fluid, such as a windmill driven by a flow of air, said device comprising a hub which is rotatable around an axis and upon which substantially radially extending propeller wings are attached in a twisted way, such that substantially along the entire length of the wings the relative flow direction of the fluid, occurring during oper-ation will exert a driving rotating force on the hub, the wings being provided at their ends with auxiliary blades, which seen in a sectional plane defined by the relative flow direction of the fluid and the centerline of the wings are directed such that the forward elongation of the chord of the blades profile situated in said plane will intersect a line positioned in said plane and run-ning parallel to the said flow direction and through the rotational axis of the hub, wherein at least one of the auxiliary blades has a different angle of adjustment or a different profile shape with respect to the other blades, where-by said auxiliary blades are so formed and have such an angle of adjustment, that they generate during operation a lifting force substantially directed rad-ially in the direction of the hub.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the axis of rotation of the hub is disposed at an angle of 15°-45° to the horizontal.
CA000359739A 1979-09-04 1980-09-04 Method and a device for deriving energy from a flow of fluid Expired CA1138779A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL7906627A NL7906627A (en) 1979-09-04 1979-09-04 DEVICE WITH WITS INCLUDING SUPPLIED WINGS WITH ENLARGED MIXING EFFECT BETWEEN WAKE AND OUTSIDE FLOW.
NL7906627 1979-09-04

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA1138779A true CA1138779A (en) 1983-01-04

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA000359739A Expired CA1138779A (en) 1979-09-04 1980-09-04 Method and a device for deriving energy from a flow of fluid

Country Status (12)

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US (1) US4362469A (en)
EP (1) EP0025251B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5677571A (en)
AU (1) AU543878B2 (en)
BE (1) BE884963A (en)
CA (1) CA1138779A (en)
DE (1) DE3068690D1 (en)
DK (1) DK154239C (en)
FR (1) FR2464385B1 (en)
GR (1) GR69978B (en)
NL (1) NL7906627A (en)
PT (1) PT71759B (en)

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Publication number Publication date
FR2464385A1 (en) 1981-03-06
AU6198880A (en) 1981-03-19
DK154239B (en) 1988-10-24
GR69978B (en) 1982-07-22
EP0025251B1 (en) 1984-07-25
JPS5677571A (en) 1981-06-25
DE3068690D1 (en) 1984-08-30
DK154239C (en) 1989-03-28
FR2464385B1 (en) 1985-11-22
US4362469A (en) 1982-12-07
DK373180A (en) 1981-03-05
AU543878B2 (en) 1985-05-09
NL7906627A (en) 1981-03-06
BE884963A (en) 1980-12-16
PT71759B (en) 1981-06-30
PT71759A (en) 1980-10-01
EP0025251A1 (en) 1981-03-18

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